英語敬語
在十七世紀以前,用於正式文本的你的單詞是you,而用於親密的,熟悉的人之間,是thou,thou因此也有了一些不尊重的意味。這兩個詞的用法的區別可以勉強認為同於你和您的區別。不過到17世紀之後,thou在日常英語中逐漸淡出,you被廣泛使用。目前thou只在個別方言裡面還在使用。不過另一方面,在早期聖經翻譯成英語的時候,當與神對話用到你這個稱呼的時候,使用了thou而沒有使用you。這樣,在基督教的宗教場合,thou這個詞就顯得高上大了,當然這個時候常見的是賓語形式thee。聖經的早期英語翻譯使用thou而不用you並不是因為不尊重,而是遵從很多其他拉丁語言的傳統,在這個地方使用非正式的,顯得更加親密的稱呼。這也說明thou和you的區別在當時與漢語裡面你和您的區別不完全等同。
麻煩採納,謝謝!
⑵ 英文書信的稱呼問題
一、稱呼語(Salutation)
英文書信中的稱呼語有多種形式:
1.在不知道收信人姓名的情況下,有以下幾種稱呼方式:
Dear Sir(to a man if the name is unknown)
Dear Madam(to a woman whose name is unknown)
Dear Sir/Madam(to cover both sexes)
如果是寄往某公司的信還可用「Dear Sirs」。但注意不要寫成「DearMadame」,Dear madame為法語,意為「夫人」,多與姓一起用,也不要用「Dear Mister」和「Dear Friend」作稱呼語。
2.在知道收信人姓名的情況下,有以下幾種稱呼方式:
Dear Mr Smith(for a man)
Dear Mrs Brown(for a married woman)
Dear Miss Jones(for a single woman)
Dear Ms Todd(Ms does not reveal the marital status of a woman)
下面以「Winston Smith」(溫斯頓·史密斯)為例看一看幾種稱呼方式及其意義。
①「Dear Mr Smith」:用於以前有過聯系的情況。
②「Dear Smith」:僅用於男性上司對他熟悉的下級的稱謂。
③「Dear Winston」:用於彼此關系密切的情況。如果與Smith先生很熟悉,見面時就稱呼他的名字,那麼寫信時也可這樣稱呼,否則不可。
在給女士寫信時,稱呼語的用法比對男士就更要復雜些了。如寫信給「Jane Brown」女士,可能會有「Dear Miss Brown」、「Dear Mrs Brown」、「DearMs Brown」這幾種情況。用哪種更合適,了解對方是一方面,但更重要的是記住按「收信人喜歡的方式稱呼」這一原則。如果來信上的署名是「JaneBrown」,回信時稱呼語就該寫成「Dear Ms Brown」;如果署名為「Jane Brown(Mrs)」,稱呼語就該為「Dear Mrs Brown」。這是因為有的人比較正統,她們不願別人把「夫人」、「小姐」這兩個概念搞混,便在她們署名的後邊註上(Mrs)或(Miss)以提示對方。
在親屬、親友的信中常看到「My dear」、「My dearest」、「My darling」這樣的稱呼語。長輩給晚輩寫信時,即使為同性別,也常用稱呼語「My dear」。
二、敬語(The Complimentary Close)
敬語又稱結束語,它是一種客套語,類似中文書信中的「謹上」,但英文書信中的敬語往往要與信中的稱呼語相呼應。如果稱呼語是「Dear Sir」或「Dear Madam」,敬語就該為「Yours faithfully」;如果稱呼語是「Dear MrSmith」或「Dear Mrs Brown」敬語就該為「Yours sincerely」。「Yours truly」、「Sincerely(yours)」、「Very truly yours」在美國英語中常見。而「Yours affec-tionately」、「Yours respectfully」現已不大使用了。
一般私人信件中敬語常用「Best wishes」,朋友間常用「Yours ever」,戀人、親屬間常用「love」做敬語。而今在女性朋友之間的信中也常見用「love」作敬語。「All my love」或「Yours fraternally」現已不用了。
⑶ 「尊敬的」用英語怎麼說
若表示信件中的「尊敬的父母」或者其他,用dear
加稱呼若一般情況下用respectfulwell-beloved也可以
⑷ 敬語都有什麼詞彙
如果是英語的話,英語好像沒有「敬語」一說,「敬語」更多指的是韓語、日語當中的情況。英語當中指的是 用一種更禮貌的說法來表示你原本想表達的意思。
比如問名字,「你叫什麼名字?」禮貌一些的說法是「請問您叫什麼名字?」那麼在英語中的相對應的說法就是 What's your name? 禮貌一些的是 May I have your name, please?
還有比如用would like代替want 也是一種更有禮貌的表達方式
⑸ 英語信件末尾的敬語該怎樣寫
With Best Wishe祝好
⑹ 中國最專業的英語敬語翻譯
[詞典] honorific; [例句]所有雇員相互稱呼時都須在名字後添加敬語san(日語表示「先生」,「女士」)。 All employees will refer to each other by the honorific suffix 'san'.
⑺ 英語里的敬語「你」怎麼說
英語里只有對陛下稱呼才會用敬語,不像日語里那樣
對陛下(直接稱呼)Your Majesty;(間接稱呼)His [Her]Majesty
⑻ 英語裡面有沒敬語
謙恭自貶、普通人(commoners)與地位較低的人(people with lower status)
愚:I, the unintelligent
鄙:I, the less ecated
敝:I, the unrefined
卑:I, from a lower class
竊:I, who did not give you proper notice
仆:I, your servant (male)
婢:I, your servant (female)
妾:I, your concubine
在下:I, who am humbler and lower than you
小人:I, the insignificant (usually male)
小女:I, the insignificant and female
草民:I, the worthless commoner
奴才:I, your slave/servant (male)
奴婢:I, your slave/servant (female)
奴家:I, your wife
年長者(elders)
老朽:I, who am old and unable
老夫:I, who am old and respected
老漢:I, who am an old man
老拙:I, who am old and clumsy
老衲:I, the old monk
老身:I, this old body (for a lady referring to herself)
皇室(the royal family)
孤:I, the ruler of a kingdom (literally, 'alone' - refers to the fact that the king ascends the throne upon becoming orphaned)【指皇帝登基之時父親已經去世】
寡:I, the ruler of a kingdom (same as above)
寡人:I, the ruler of a kingdom (same as above)
不穀:I, the ruler of a dissolute kingdom (literally, 'proce no grain')【不產糧食】
朕:I, the emporer (originally a generic first person pronoun, later exclusively used by emperors from the Qin Dynasty onward)【本為普通第一人稱代詞,秦以後為皇帝專用】
本宮:I, the empress/concubine
哀家:I, the emperor's mother (literally 'the sad house', indicating the grief of the deceased former emperor)【指對去世先帝所感到的悲傷】
臣妾:I, your concubine
兒臣:I, your son official/subject
官員(government officials)
臣:I, your subject (officials addressing themselves in front of the emperor, in official writing, the character should be written half the size of normal font in front of the name)【官員在皇帝面前自稱;在書面語中,這個字寫在名字前,字型大小是正常大小的一半】
下官:I, the low official (officials addressing themselves in front of a superior official)【在上級面前官員的自稱】
末官:I, the lesser official
小吏:I, the small scribe/official
卑職:I, the humble position (officials addressing their patrons or someone of equal rank)【官員在對自己有好處的人與同級官吏面前的自稱】
末將:I, the lowest general (generals addressing themselves in front of superiors)【將官在上級面前自稱】
本官:I, your superior (used when the official must assert his ranking in front of lower officials)【在下級官員面前使用】
學術或宗教職位(scholarly or religious professions)
小生:I, who was born later
晚生:I, who was born later
晚學:I, who started studying later
不才:I, who am without talent
不佞:I, who am without talent
不肖:I, who did not respect you
晚輩:I, who belong to a younger generation (therefore lower/humbler)
貧僧:I, the poor monk
貧尼:I, the poor nun
說話者自己的家庭(the speaker's family)
家~:prefix for elder family members (living)【指在世的家庭長者】
先~:prefix for elder family members (deceased)【指去世的家庭長者】
舍~:prefix for younger family members
小兒:my son, who is small
小女:my daugher, who is small
內人/內子:referring to one's wife
愚~:prefix for referring to one's self and one's family members
犬子:my son, who is comparable to a puppy
拙夫:my husband, who is inferior
拙荊:my wife, who is inferior
賤內:the one within (i.e. my wife), who is worthless
寒舍:my worthless residence
對別人說話或提及他人(addressing or referring to others)
帝王(emperors)
萬歲:you, of ten thousand years (here 'ten-thousand' is a marker for a large number. Years here refers specifically to 'years of age')【萬指很大的數字;歲專指年齡】
萬歲爺:you, the lord of ten thousand years
聖上:you, the holy up high
聖駕:you, the holy procession
天子:the son of heaven (when referring to the emperor in a third person)【第三人稱指皇帝】
陛下:beneath your ceremonial ramp (used when referring to the emperor directly)【用於直接指稱皇帝】
龍體:the dragon's body (emperor's body, health)【指皇帝的身體或健康】
龍顏:the dragon's face (emperor's face, mood)【指皇帝的臉部或情緒】
重要人物(important people)
殿下:beneath your palace (for members of the imperial family)【用於皇室成員】
王爺:you, the princely lord (for kings and princes)【用於親王與王子】
爵爺:you, the noble lord (for kes, marquesses, earls, viscounts, and barons)【用於公侯伯子男各級貴族】
麾下:beneath your flag (for generals) 【軍官用語】
卿:official (for the royal family to address officials)【皇室對官員的稱呼】
節下:beneath your ceremonial banner (for ambassadors)【外交官用語】
閣下:beneath your pavilion (for important people)【對重要人物】
前輩:you, who belong to an older generation
對方家庭成員(the addressee's family members)
令尊/令尊翁:the beautiful and respectful (i.e. your father)
令堂/令壽堂:the beautiful and dignified (i.e. your mother)
令閫:the beautiful door to the woman's room (i.e. your wife)
令兄:the beautiful elder brother (i.e. your brother)
令郎/令公子:the beautiful yong lord (i.e. your son)
令愛/令媛:the beautiful and beloved (i.e. your daughter)
令千金:the beautiful and a thousand gold (i.e. your daughter)
尊上:the respectful above (i.e. your father)
尊公/尊府/尊君:the respectful lord (i.e. your father)
尊堂:the respectful and dignified (i.e. your mother)
尊親:the respectful related (i.e. your relatives)
尊駕:the respectful procession (i.e. you, the guest)
賢橋梓:the virtuous you (father and son)
賢伉儷:the virtuous you (husband and wife)
賢昆仲:the virtuous you (brothers)
賢昆玉:the virtuous you (sisters)
自家人(one's own family)
賢妻:you, my esteemed wife
賢弟/賢棣:you, my esteemed younger brother
賢侄:you, my esteemed nephew
夫人:you, my wife
夫君:you, my husband
郎君:you, my husband
官人:you, my husband
相公:you, my husband
仁兄:you, my kind older brother
愛~:prefix for beloved family members, e.g. 愛妾
朋友(friends)
賢家:the virtuous house (i.e. you)
賢郎:the virtuous young man (i.e. your son)
賢弟:the virtuous younger brother (either addressing one's own younger brother, or referring to the listener's younger brother) 【可指自家弟弟也可指對方弟弟】
仁兄:the kind older brother (older male friend)
仁公:the kind lord (when addressing someone senior)
長輩或去世的人(elders or deceased)
丈~:prefix for old people
太~:prefix for elders
先帝:dead emperor
先考/先父:dead father
顯考:honorable deceased father
先慈/先妣:dead mother
顯妣:honorable deceased mother
先賢:dead knowledgeable person
亡~:prefix for deceased younger people
陌生人或社會交往(strangers or social encounters)
貴子弟:your honorable son
貴家長:your honorable parent(s)
貴公司:your honorable company
貴寶號:your valuable business
貴國:your honorable country
貴姓:your honorable surname
貴庚:your honorable age
相公:term of address for any young gentleman
府上:your home
⑼ 請問,英文信中,用敬語開頭的詞,都有哪些
在英文書信中要使用敬語,最普遍的敬語是Mr, Mrs和Miss(用於未婚女性)。英國人常在男性的姓名之後用Esq. (Esquire的縮寫),不過在商業上也在慢慢地改用Mr. Mmes. (Madam的復數形式),用於二個女士以上。Messrs(Mr的復數形式)用於二個以上的男人,或用於二個以上的男人組成的公司或團體。在英國式英文信里,Mr, Mrs, Messrs,均不加縮寫句點,相反地趨向於進步自由的美語反而加縮寫句點如Mr., Mrs., Messrs.。在稱呼方面,商業上最普遍的有Gentlemen(美國式)與Dear Sirs(英國式)二種,相當於我國的"敬啟者"或"謹啟者"。
⑽ 英語公文中 結束的敬語是什麼
Yours Sincerely